Water Pollution Of South Africa - 1384 Words

Water Shedding Water shedding is when a municipality in a country decides to restrict water usage due to the lack of water available so that it can be saved for future use and that less water is being wasted by the people living in that municipality. The main reasons for water shedding are lack of availability of water in a country due to little or no rain fall (which South Africa experienced in the summer months) and hot summers which dries up water in the dams. The South African government believed that by restricting the water usage it would help reduce the water usage and save some water in the dams as many, if not all, the dams in South Africa were below the recommended height as the water was too low. The water restrictions did scare some of the businesses in South Africa that required a lot of water for its operations such as car wash businesses, sports fields, schools farms, mining sectors, electricity providers, etc. So many of the businesses that operate in South Africa were affected by t his water restrictions that was implemented. The government did allow businesses and sport clubs a special permit to allow them to continue using water as they needed them to operate efficiently. The current water crisis in South Africa is a national concern for the whole of South Africa even those municipalities that are not directly affected by it as in the long term it will affect the whole of the country very badly. The water crisis is a national concern because due to theShow MoreRelatedWater Pollution Of South Africa Essay2116 Words   |  9 Pageswitnessed an ongoing water pollution crisis in South Africa. Water pollution has been an issue in many sub-Saharan African countries, including South Africa. There are various reasons why South Africa currently has a water pollution problem. Some of perceived causes of water pollution in this sub-Saharan nation include: Urbanization, Industrialization, and climate change. Researchers and environmental scientists are all aware of the causes and impacts this issue has on the South African populationRead MoreThe Effects Of Water Pollution On South Africa Essay1818 Words   |  8 Pagesthe ongoing water pollution crisis in South Africa. Water pollution has been an issue in many countries in sub-Saharan African countries including south Africa. Researchers and environmental scientists are all aware of the impacts this issue has on the South African population. Many of them have conducted research yield to different findings. The purpose of this literature review is to analyses the similarities and differences from various research conducted on the subjects of water population inRead MoreThe Gold Mining Industry in South Africa Essay1011 Words   |  5 PagesGold mining in South Africa has a large impact on the environment, the economy and social structure in South Africa. The environmental impact of gold mining on the environment includes water, air and noise pollution. The mining industry in South Africa is one of the largest in the world. It provides jobs for hundreds of thousands of people in the mining industry alone. The mining industry also indirectly provides jobs for about 400 000 with the goods an d services that the mines require to run successfullyRead MoreSouth Africa: The Vaal Triangle1210 Words   |  5 PagesThe Vaal Triangle The Vaal Triangle is made up of the complex industrial towns: Sasolburg and Vereeniging and Vanderbijlpark. 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One of these is the continuously increasing amounts of people moving into the city from smaller areas and villages; these larger, more dense populations of people have also increased the water demand. To k eep up and hopefully adapt to these largely increasing needs for clean and readily available water in the cities, many plans to prevent a more widespread lack of water supply and sanitationRead MoreA Brief Note On The World Water Day1339 Words   |  6 Pagesthe hunt for drinkable water with little success. However, with advances in technology, many high- and middle-income nations are now able to have access to clean, drinkable, toxin-free water at all times. For the lower-income nations, the same cannot be said. One of the most water hungry continents in need of water today is Africa. Though it is made of several nations, each containing several different tribes and cultures, they all share the same problem: lack of drinkable water. Several of the nations

Lifting as We Climb Essay - 3009 Words

Lifting as We Climb Harriet Jacobs, Frances E. W. Harper, and Anna Julia Cooper are three African American female writers who have greatly impacted the progress of black womanhood. Through their works, they have successfully dispelled the myths created about black women. These myths include two major ideas, the first being that all African American women are perceived as more promiscuous than the average white woman. The second myth is that black women are virtually useless, containing only the capabilities of working in white homes and raising white children. These myths caused these women to be degraded in the eyes of others as well as themselves. In Jacobs Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Harpers Iola Leroy, and Coopers A†¦show more content†¦In 1863, she and her daughter moved to Alexandria, where they supplied emergency relief, organized primary medical care, and established the Jacobs Free-school for the refugees. This school supplied education by African American teachers. After th e war, they sailed to England and successfully raised money for a home for Savannahs black orphans and aged individuals. Upon moving to Washington, DC, she continued to work among the destitute freed people while her daughter worked in the newly established colored schools. In 1896, she was involved in organizing the National Association of Colored Women. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl is a true account of Jacobs life. In her preface, she assures us that it is not a fictional narrative and all the events, however incredible, are strictly true. The narrative begins with her background information, it is then that we learned that her mother passed away, leaving her behind when she was still very young. Six years later her kind mistress sickens and dies as well. After this sad occurrence, Linda is sent to work at the home of Dr. Flint, her late mistress relative. This transition is the gateway to the hell of her enslavement. Dr. Flint harasses her for years; he wants more than just a master/slave relationship, he wants a sexual one as well. His wife is aware of his feelings towards Linda and treats her cruelly because of that. Her jealous attitude is conveyed throughout the story. Linda becomes involvedShow MoreRelated`` Lifting As We Climb ``1651 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Until we realize our ideal, we are going to idealize ou r real† (212 Higginbotham). If Nannie Burroughs said this during a Poetry Slam, a lot of people would have sore fingers. The line is not only a chiasmus, but a call for uplift. The National Training School sought to take the ordinary aspects of life for black women during the turn of the century (1900s), and make them extraordinary. Through respectability politics, black Americans would denounce the negative stereotypes imputed to them, andRead MoreOccupational Health And Safety Essay871 Words   |  4 Pagesavoid issues of back problems doing so. 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Communication Structure of Standard Chartered Bank Free Essays

A report submitted to the Department of English in part-fulfillment of the requirements of the Final Examinations in Business Communications, Fall 2008 Prepared and submitted by SUNSHINE Section: c Tazrin Mst. Nazia Zohora Fatema tuz Islam Md. Atikul Miah Abu Kausar Course teacher Professor Faizur Rashed Gullu Date of submission 4 December 2008 North Global University of Dhaka Page 1 of 25 4 December 2008 Prof. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication Structure of Standard Chartered Bank or any similar topic only for you Order Now Faizur Rashed Gullu Course Instructor Business Communication North Global University of Dhaka Subject: Submission of our report Dear sir, We have the pleasure to submit our report titled ‘Communication Structure of Standard Chartered Bank’. This was a good opportunity for us to understand and deal with the problem. The study was aimed at knowing the communication structure of Standard Chartered Bank. If any lacking is found, the organization will be able to improve performance. The study will find a chance to know the system of the organization and its communication system which will increase our knowledge and experience. They have very effective communication system. By removing the communication barriers between higher level managers and lower level managers they can do it better. We once again thank you for giving us the chance to do the report. Yours sincerely, Zohora Fatema tuz 08-10489-1 Tazrin Mst. Nazia 07-08937-2 Islam Md. Atikul 07-09137-2 Miah Abu Kausar 07-08446-2 Page 2 of 25 Preface This report is made based on the communication structure of Standard Chartered Bank. Based on case study of some employees of Standard Chartered Bank, the report was made. This report contains the communication structure of Standard Chartered Bank. It also has some suggestions for the Standard Chartered Bank to make their communication process more effective and to make their organization’s performance better. This report has some concept of communication, the process of communication, communication channel, mass communication, communication barriers, altogether, the concept of organizational communication. And the implications of them in The Standard Chartered Bank that if they are using them properly and what should be done if they are not using them properly Page 3 of 25 Acknowledgement At first, we take the opportunity to thank The Almighty. Then we express our thanks to our department and authorities for granting us such opportunity in this level. We are very pleased to accomplish the assigned task given by our revered course instructor Prof. Faizur Rashed Gullu sir. While completing this report we faced different problems such as shortage of time, information, convincing the employees of the bank etc. But we have been able to overcome the problems with direct and indirect assistance from our course instructor. We are really thankful to him. Above all, we have to thank the people at the bank who provided us with valuable information, gave us their valuable time and helped us in every way possible. Finally, we are pleased to complete the report on the given subject properly and authentically. Page 4 of 25 TABLE OF CONTENTS Forwarding letter Preface Acknowledgement Table of contents List of illustrations Abstract 1. 0 Introduction 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 1. 6 1. 7 1. 8 What is communication The process of communication Necessity of communication Barriers of communication Introduction of the organization Objectives Scope Research methodology 1. . 1 Sample 1. 8. 2 Case study 1. 9 Limitations Page no. i ii iii iv v vi 01 01 02 08 08 09 10 11 11 12 13 13 14 14 14 15 16 17 18 19 vii 2. 0 Organization of the report 2. 1 Case studies Case study 1 Case study 2 Case study 3 Findings 2. 2 3. 0 Conclusion 4. 0 Recommendation Bibliography Page 5 of 25 List of illustrations Figure 1. 1 The basic communication process Figure 1. 2 Flow of communications Page-4 Page-6 Page 6 of 25 Abstract The transference and understanding of meaning is communication. No groups can exist without communication: the transference of meaning among its members. It is only through transmitting meaning from one person to another that information that information and ideas can be conveyed. The key parts of the communication process are (1) the sender (2) encoding (3) the channel (4) decoding (5) the receiver (6) feedback. There are three types of communication: upward, downward, lateral. The study was aimed to know the communication structure of Standard Chartered Bank. If any lacking is found, the organization will be able to improve performance. The study will find a chance to know the system of the organization and its communication system which will increase our knowledge and experience. The study has been done with the method case study. The study was done with the help of random sampling. The sample size of the study was 3. Their communication style is very rich. They have very effective communication system. By removing the communication barriers between higher level managers and lower level managers they can do it better. They should enrich their formal communication system. We think that after doing these things they will be improved. Page 7 of 25 1. 0 Chapter 1 : Introduction 1. 1 What is communication? The transference and understanding of meaning is communication. Communication is more than merely imparting meaning. It must also be understood. In a group in which one member speaks only German and another one do not know German, the individual speaking German will not be fully understood. Therefore must include both the transference and understanding of meaning. Research indicates that poor communication is probably the most frequently cited source of interpersonal conflict. Because individuals spend nearly 70 percent of their walking hour’s communicating-writing, reading, speaking, listening-it seems reasonable to conclude that one of the most inhibiting forces to successful group performance is a lack of effective communication. No groups can exist without communication: the transference of meaning among its members. It is only through transmitting meaning from one person to another that information that information and ideas can be conveyed. Communication, however, is more than merely imparting meaning. It must also be understood. In a group in which one member speaks only German and the others do not know German, the individual speaking German will not be fully understood. Therefore, communication must include both the transference and the understanding of meaning. An idea, no matter how great, is useless until it is transmitted and understood by others. Perfect communication, if there were such a thing, would exist when a thought or an idea was transmitted so that the mental picture perceived by the receiver was exactly the same as that envisioned by the sender. Page 8 of 25 Communication serves four major functions within a group or organization: control, motivation, emotional expression, and information. 1. Control member behavior. 2. Foster motivation for what is to be done. 3. Provide a release for emotional expression. 4. Provide information needed to make decisions. . 2 The process of communication Before making too many generalizations concerning communication and problems in communicating effectively, it is needed to know the level of communication and communication process 1. 2. 1 Levels of Communication: †¢ Intrapersonal Top level management mainly takes internal decision, so internal decision depends on them on many sectors â⠂¬ ¢ Interpersonal Middle level managers are sometimes allowed to make some effective organizational decision †¢ Extra personal Communication between human nonhuman being †¢ Organizational In organization higher level employees take decision. In this bank most of the decisions are taken by top level management †¢ Formal Language Those languages which are used inside office. In this bank they usually use to talk one another they simply use brother or sister. †¢ Cross-cultural In a cross-culture there are two divisions high and low context Page 9 of 25 †¢ Mass: Print Media Electronics Media Organizational Website Before communication can take place, a purpose, expressed as a message to be conveyed, is needed. It passes between a sender and a receiver. The message is encoded and passed by a way of some medium to the receiver, who decodes the message initiated by the sender. The result is transference of meaning from one person to another person. The key parts of the communication process are (1) the sender (2) encoding (3) the channel (4) decoding (5) the receiver (6) feedback. The sender initiates a message by encoding a thought. The message is the actual physical product from the senders encoding. When we speak, the speech is the message. When we write, the writing is the message. When we gesture the movement of our arms and the expression of our face are the message. The channel is the medium through which the message travels. It is selected by the sender, who must determine whether to use a formal or informal channel. Formal channel are established by the organization and transmit message that are related to the professional activities of members. Other forms of message, such as personal or social, follow the informal channel in the organization. These informal channels are spontaneous and emerge as a response to individual choices. The receiver is the object to whom the message is directed. But before the message is received, the symbol in it must be translated into a form that can be understood by the receiver. The step is the decoding of the message. Noises represent communication barriers that distort the clarity of the message. Examples of possible noise sources include perceptual problems, information overload, semantic difficulties, or cultural difference. The final link in the communication process is a feedback loop. Feedback is the check on how successful we have been in transferring our message as original intended. It determines whether understanding has been achieved. Page 10 of 25 The communication process model: Figure 1. 1 The basic communication process Communication can flow vertically or laterally. The vertical dimension can be further divided into downward and upward directions. 1. 2. 2 Downward communication Upper level managers are friendly communal to the down level employees. Top level management directly gives any kinds of instruction to the down level manager are called downward communication. Smoothly working down level communication must have needed. Communication that flows from one level of a group or organization to a lower level is a downward communication. When we think of managers communicating with employees, the downward pattern is the one we are usually thinking of. It’s used by group leader and managers to assign goals, providing job instructions, inform employees of policies and procedures, point out problems that need attention and offer feedback about performance. But downward communication does not have to be oral or face to face contact. When management sends letter to their employees home to advise them of the organizations new sick leave policy, it’s using downward communication. Page 11 of 25 From the team leader to the member of her team, reminding them of an upcoming deadline, is also downward communication 1. 2. 3 Upward communication Ground level officers communicate with the mid-level managers. Mid-level manager communicate with their Divisional Directors. Employees can frankly communicate with upper level managers. When communicated with the Upper level all over observing the rules regulation. Upward communication flows to a higher level in the group of organization. It’s used to provide feedback to higher–ups, inform them of progress toward goal and really current problems. Upward communication keeps managers aware of how employees feel about their jobs, coworkers and the organization in general. Managers also rely on upward communication for ideas on how things can be improved. Some organizational examples of upward communication are performance reports prepared by lower level of management for review by middle and top management. Suggestion box, employee attitude surveys, superior – subordinate discussion, and informal ‘gripe’ sessions in which employees have the opportunity to identify and discuss problems with their boss or representative of higher management. 1. 2. 3 Lateral communication Similar level employers also well communicated. Employees freely communicate with colleague’s very casual language, normal behavior. Grapevine is strictly prohibited Political conversation is restricted When communication take place among member of the same work group, among members of work groups at the same level, among managers at the same level or among any horizontally equivalent personal we describe it as lateral communication. Page 12 of 25 Lateral communications are often necessary to save time and facilitate coordination. In some case, these lateral relationships are formally sanctioned. More often they are informally created to a short circuit the vertical hierarchy and expedite action. So lateral communication can from management’s view point, be good or bad. Lateral communication can be beneficial, in such case they occur with the knowledge and support of superiors. 1. 2. 4 Crosswise communication Top level management can communicate directly with the ground level. Monthly performance review meeting. Everybody can communicate with everybody in this organization Figure 1. 2 Flow of communications Communication Channel Communication channel means the way of transmitted any kinds of information about this organization. Page 13 of 25 There are two types of communications: a. b. Internal communication channel External communication channel. †¢ Internal communications are: (a) Oral: Telephone, Intercom, Meeting, Presentation, Face to face, meeting (b) Written: Memo, report, graph, e-mail, letter, notice †¢ External Communications are: (a) Oral: Telephone, intercom, Meeting, Presentation, Face to face meeting, Press Briefing (b) Written: Memo, report, graph, e-mail, letter, notice, invitation, annual report, leaflet 1. 3 Necessity of communication The communication shortcoming of employees and the importance of communication in business explain why one should work to improve communication skills. Whatever position one has in business, performance will be judged largely by his/her ability to communicate. If one can communicate well, he/she is likely to be rewarded with advancement. And higher the advancement, more necessity of communication ability. The evidence is clear; improving communication skills improves chances for success in business. Communication is very much important in business; businesses want and need people with good communication skills. Evidence of the importance of communication in business is found in numerous surveys of executives, recruiters and academicians conducted in recent years. Without exception, these surveys found communication ranking at or near the top of the business skills needed for success. Page 14 of 25 1. 4 Barriers of communication A number of barriers can retard or distort effective communication. Some causes for barriers are, purposely manipulating information for getting more favor, presenting the information based on personal understandings etc. Barriers are 3 types: 1. Intrapersonal 2. Interpersonal 3. Organizational 1. Intrapersonal barriers: Wrong assumptions Varied perceptions Differing background 2. Interpersonal arriers: Limited vocabulary Incongruity of verbal and nonverbal messages Communication selectivity 3. Organizational barriers: Information overload Emotions Language 1. 5 Introduction of the organization Standard Chartered Bank started its business in Bangladesh in 1948, opening its first branch in the port city of Chittagong. The bank increasingly invested in people, technology and premises as its business grew in relation to t he country’s thriving Page 15 of 25 economy. At present the bank has 6 offices in Dhaka Chittagong and Sylhet, including the country’s only offshore banking unit inside the Dhaka Export Processing Zone at Savar. Extensive knowledge of the market and essential expertise in a wide range of financial services underline our strength to build business opportunities for corporate and institutional clients at home and abroad. Continuous upgrading of technology and control systems has enabled the bank of offer new services, which include unique ATMs and Phone banking. Standard Chartered’s services in Bangladesh, ranges from Personal Corporate Banking to Institutional Banking, Treasury and Custodial services. 1. 6 Objectives The study was aimed at the following objectives: A. Primary objective: To learn about the communication structure of Standard Chartered Bank B. Secondary objectives: To identify the communication strategies of Standard Chartered Bank To find out the internal communication barriers (if any) of Standard Chartered Bank To find out their awareness level of the barriers To suggest remedies for improvement To find out the mass communication style or strategies To found out the impact of gender differences inside the organization To find out the impact of cultural differences inside the organization 1. Scope After making the report some benefits will be there for both the organization and us. Page 16 of 25 17. 1 Scope for Standard Chartered Bank: If any lacking is found in their organization the management will find a way to solve their problem after studying our report. They will be able to make their organization’s system of communication more effective and the organization will be able to improve performance. 17. 2 Scope for the re searchers: The study will find a chance to know the system of the organization and its communication system very well which will increase our knowledge and experience. Thus it will help building our career. 1. 8 Research methodology of the report Report is a place of factual writing based on evidence, containing organized information on particular topic o Formal in nature and written for specific audience o Discusses the topic at depth and contains conclusions and recommendations if required The study has been done with the method case study. Rather than using samples and following a rigid protocol to examine limited number of variables, case study methods involve an in-depth, longitudinal examination of a single instance or event: a case. They provide a systematic way of looking at events, collecting data, analyzing information, and reporting the results. As a result the researcher may gain a sharpened understanding of why the instance happened as it did, and what might become important to look at more extensively in future research. Case studies lend themselves to both generating and testing hypotheses. As we did not have sufficient time to go for questionnaire survey, we followed the method case study. Page 17 of 25 1. 8. Sample Small segment of the total population which is considered to be the representative of the total population is called the samples and the process through which the samples are selected is called sampling or sampling procedure. There are two types of sampling: 1. Random: To take the interview of the person available 2. Purposive: To take interview of people whom one wants to The study was done with the help of random sampling as because purposive sampling was not possible due to unavailability . The sample size of the study was 3. 1. 8. 2 Case study We took face to face interviews. We went to Standard Chartered Bank Islamic Banking Centre Branch which is situated in Gulshan Avenue. We talked to the three people of personal loan section individually. We asked them the same questions and got answers. After getting their answers we organized the three cases and studied the cases to reach the decision. 1. 9 Limitations The study was done in a very short time when we and the employees of The Standard Chartered Bank both were very busy. They at first denied talking to us but after assuring that minimum time of them will be taken they agreed to meet. So, we were unable to ask them many questions which might be important for the valuation and proper conclusion of the report. Page 18 of 25 2. 0 Chapter 2 : Presentation of Cases We did three case studies based on the three interviews of the employees of Standard Chartered Bank. The cases are given below: Case study 1 Md. Sajjadur Rahman Product marketing officer B. Sc. M . Sc. in Mathematics Unsecured loan consumer Banking Division He works in standard charted bank for two years before coming here he worked as a marketing officer in HSBC bank for two years. In this study they said their all communications is face to face. They contact with their higher level boss with e-mail and they also said they contact their immediate boss face to face. When they send any e-mail to their boss it just like a SMS there are no unnecessary thighs there. But when they send any e-mail to their boss its takes time to get the reply . In this study they also said they call their male employees as brother and female employees as sister. There is no sir or madam addressing through the whole organization. In this study we also see that they follow the communication channels are up ward, down ward and lateral. Most of time they use the verbal communication to their employees and it is face to face. He also said there is no non verbal communication use their company. But sometime they use only e-mail for their boss in urgent situation. Some time they go for tour in different countries but every one does not get chance. The person who fill a minimum credits only they can join the tour. In 2006 he tour in Thailand. He is satisfied of there communication style. Page 19 of 25 Case study 2 A. M. Sadeeque Hassan Product Marketing Officer BBA, MBA Major in Marketing Unsecured loan consumer Banking Division In this study they said there are very little bit barrier to their company for example they do not call their boss with unsuitable time. Higher level boss reply their e-mail very late. In this study we also known female are more active than male. Even female work on Friday when male are relax there time by visiting or gossiping. In last month one female are getting award by doing her best performance. She process 454 file in one month. It is a friendly work environment as a result it plays a significant role in communication process. There are also some internal communications to employ to employ like face to face, telephone, mobile. He was also fill the credits as a result he could join the tour of Thailand in 2006 . He is also satisfied of there communication style. Case study 3 Md. Fayssal Hossain Assistant Product Marketing officer Honors Masters in Marketing Unsecured loan consumer Banking Division In this study they said that they can talk to their higher level authority direct face to face or phone. There are also down ward, upper ward and horizontal communication. In standard charted bank all work has been done by group work and every group join as a team. There are a leader of each team and all the group follow the leader. Page 20 of 25 Some time they arrange picnic or party and the entire members attend the party or picnic. It helps to communicate with other and remove the communication barriers with upper level and lower level employees. In this time boss are free with their employees. That recreation system is effective for better employee employer relationship He was also filling the credits as a result he could join the tour of last year in china with there official tour. He is also satisfied with there Communication style. Page 21 of 25 3. 0 Chapter 3: Analysis After studying the cases we came to know about the organization’s communication structure. Their communication style is very rich. They have very effective communication system. All of them agreed with their answers. That symbolizes their unity and effectiveness of communication. They all agreed that their organization follows face to face communication most of the time. Telephone is also a main communicating element. Oral communication is used more that’s why they are freer. They use face to face communication they also said their male employees as brother and female employees as sister. There are no sir or madam addressing through the whole organization. Most of the time they use the verbal communication There is also downward, upward, and horizontal communication. It is a friendly work environment as a result it plays an important role in the whole communication process. Some time the organization arrange picnic or party the entire member attend the party. The recreation system is effective for better employee employer relationship. Some they go for tour in different countries. Although they are satisfied with their communication style but still there are some barriers to communicate with their higher level boss. Their formal communication style is not perfect through which they communicate with their boss. Page 22 of 25 4. 0 Chapter 4 : Conclusion The report on ‘The Communication Structure of Standard Chartered Bank’ was very useful to us for our experience. We came to know about the communication structure of a renowned organization. Their communication style is very rich. They have very effective communication system. The communication style of every public organization should follow the structure. We are grateful to our course instructor for giving us such an opportunity to do the report and enrich to our knowledge to a great extent. Page 23 of 25 5. 0 Chapter 5 : Recommendations Based on our findings, we now recommend the following†¢ They should remove the communication barriers between higher level managers and lower level managers †¢ Their men should work equal to their women †¢ They should enrich their formal communication style Bibliography Raman, M. , Sharma, S. (2004). Technical Communication: Principles and Practice. New Delhi: Oxford University Press Research. (2007). Retrieved on December 3, 2008 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Research Robbins, S. P. , Judge, T. A. (2007). Organizational Behavior. New Delhi: Prentice Hall. StandardChartered Bank (2004). Retrieved on 3rd December 2008 from http://www. standardchartered. com/bd/ Page 25 of 25 How to cite Communication Structure of Standard Chartered Bank, Papers

Definitions of Tourism free essay sample

The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people traveling to and staying In places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes. All this environmental changes will affect the Individual who travels but also the host. If we look to the definition of Safari we will see that the focus on Individual and Industry will be affected directly. The industry will be affected by the rise and quick development.Tourist and host have a equal contribution to these changes. To make these changes it involves people. For example a higher number of travelers will raise the industry very fast and make the changes also much faster. Recognize the demand supply to meet that demand and that the impact that comes from both it also acknowledged the idea of flow from the origin destination to the final new destination. Safari is not giving any attention in his definition for the motives or purpose and usual habitat. We will write a custom essay sample on Definitions of Tourism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He Just avoids the subject Itself leaving a gap from his definition to Pearce definition. Pearce gives the details about the purpose of the travelers. He can see a potential traveler with two mall consequences on the Industry, one Is for business and one for holiday. Pears also Includes In his modern definition the promotion and planning of the trip Safari also providing services to the customers. Pearce and Safari see a potential impact between the elements of the definitions.Pearce impact are not lardier by him, Safari see the impact on the hosts social-cultural, economic and physical environments. The impact can be positive or negative in both cases of the definitions depending on the actions of the tourism subjects. From another perspective, tourism is defined by Safari as a dynamic, evolving, customer-driven force. It is a science and a business, attracting and transporting visitors, accommodating them and graciously catering to their needs and wants. Both definitions Include the world needs.In both cases this needs are of the tourist itself. If organizer will cover all needs of all Interested subjects in special tourist areas this can have a negative Impact. Bringing this to common elements together needs and Impact will have also common consequences. Tourism without Limits threatens the very essence of what people are flocking to see in the first place the culture, the environment, the people. Long-term damage from tourism without a responsibility plan is a lose-lose for all concerned Rudy Definitions of TourismBy southwestward staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive affect the individual who travels but also the host. If we look to the definition of Safari we will see that the focus on individual and industry will be affected directly. Flow from the origin destination to the final new destination. Safari is not giving any avoids the subject itself leaving a gap from his definition to Pearce definition. Traveler with two main consequences on the industry, one is for business and one for loudly.

The Case For Euthanasia Should Physician-Assisted Suicide Be Essays

The Case for Euthanasia: Should Physician-Assisted Suicide be Legalized? Throughout the twentieth century, major scientific and medical advances have greatly enhanced the life expectancy of the average person. However, there are many instances where doctors can preserve life artificially. In these cases where the patient suffers from a terminal disease or remains in a "persistent vegetative state" or PVS from which they cannot voice their wishes for continuation or termination of life, the question becomes whether or not the patient has the freedom to choose whether or not to prolong their life even though it may consist of pain and suffering. In answer to this question, proponents of physician-assisted suicide, most notably, Dr. Jack Kevorkian, are of the opinion that not only should patients be able to abstain from treatment, but if they have a terminal and/or extremely painful condition, they should be able to seek out the assistance of a doctor in order to expedite their death with as little pain as possible. Contained herein are the arguments for and against the legalization of doctor-assisted suicide, as well as where the state courts stand in respect to this most delicate of issues. In the hopes of clarification, we must first distinguish between active and passive euthanasia. Passive euthanasia involves the patient's refusal of medical assistance. It involves the right to die which is protected by the United States Constitution clauses of due process liberty and the right to privacy (Fourteenth Amendment). The right to doctor-assisted suicide, or active euthanasia, consists of, "...a patient's right to authorize a physician to perform an act that intentionally results in the patient's death, without the physician's being held civilly or criminally liable for having caused the death" . The "passive" form of euthanasia was first deemed legal by the New Jersey State Supreme Court in 1976 In re Quinlan . In the Quinlan case, the court allowed a competent patient to terminate the use of life-sustaining medical machines to prolong life. Since New Jersey's decision, all fifty states have enacted similar statutes which contain living will provisions. However, although the United States Supreme Court upheld the Quinlan decision in re Cruzan , it changed the parameters of passive euthanasia . With the Cruzan decision, the Supreme Court held that passive euthanasia was legal but only for competent adults or those who are incompetent but have previously procured a living will. However, if the patient is without a living will and incompetent, it becomes the burden of the family to prove that there is "clear and convincing evidence" to the affect that the patient does not want to continue living in a vegetative state. As to active euthanasia, there has been no Supreme Court ruling determining whether the right to die, as understood in passive euthanasia cases, can be bound over to active euthanasia. The decision is thus left to the individual states. Currently, thirty-one states have criminalized explicitly the act of assisted suicide . Physician-assisted suicide is generally recognized as illegal under the parameters of homicide, however it is very difficult to meet all of the elements of the crime and conviction subsequently becomes nearly impossible. The fact that the U.S. Supreme Court has not reviewed a physician-assisted suicide case, which would create precedent, constitutes a dilemma for the state courts in that there is no uniform test or ruling by which to decide. Most states have developed their own laws to, more often than not, make doctor-assisted suicide illegal. However, when a case comes to trial it is usually dismissed either by the judge in a pretrial motion or by the jury. For example, in at least three of the assisted suicides which Dr. Kevorkian was involved in, all criminal charges were dismissed. So, the laws have been created, but when it comes to convicting a doctor and sending him to prison, in lieu of the circumstances, the law often breaks down and the charges are dismissed or the doctor is acquitted. In the case of the nineteen states which have not delineated the criminality of doctor-assisted suicide, the issue becomes less clear. Many of these states have a hard time grouping physician-assisted suicide with homicide. The case which Michigan judges cite in refusing this linkage of criminality is the People of the State of Michigan v. Campbell . In the Campbell case, the "court found that 'the term suicide excludes by definition a homicide'" . Since, suicide is not a homicide, then an assisted suicide cannot be deemed a homicide. At the time of the appellate courts hearing of the Campbell appeal, there was no other codified law expressing what crime an assisted suicide would fall

Research Paper Sample on Abortion Introduction, Discussion, and Conclusion

Research Paper Sample on Abortion Introduction, Discussion, and Conclusion There is an increasing number of abortion cases throughout the world. Just take into consideration the numbers: 56 million induced abortions occur each year worldwide; 64% of all global abortions (i.e. about 36 million) occur in Asia; About 879,000 abortions took place in the United States in 2017. Additionally, you can get familiar with worldwide abortion statistics closer to estimate the scale of the problem the problem when more and more women tend to end a pregnancy so that the baby is not born alive. However, it isn’t always a problem but a necessity for a woman. Plunge into the research process on this topic and come up with results with the help of this article it consists of useful information to include in your research paper on abortion. Research Paper Introduction What Is the Research Problem? What Is Abortion? Abortion is the termination of pregnancy. It is the removal of the fetus before it is viable. It is usually done before the fetus gets to 25 weeks old. It is either spontaneous or induced abortion. In developed countries, abortion is legal whereas most developing countries do not encourage and permit abortion. This brings about the differences in safe and unsafe abortions. For example, unsafe abortion accounts for over 70,000 maternal deaths worldwide. Abortion has a long history. In the past, it was done with the help of crude tools such as sharpened tools, physical trauma, and other traditional methods. With the advancement in the field of medicine, contemporary methods of abortion are now used: Medication abortion involves taking medicines to end a pregnancy. A surgical abortion is meant to use medical instruments to remove the pregnancy. The Status of Abortion in the World Each country in the world has different legality, cultural and religious statuses and prevalence of abortion. The ethical principles towards abortion and the removal of pregnancies also vary. Countries such as the United States of America and Britain have heated politics surrounding the issue of abortion in pro-life and pro-choice campaigns. Most governments in the developed countries have legalized abortion. Many developing and underdeveloped countries have not legalized abortion and have no control over what is done by the medical personnel. Abortion and childbirth complications have been the leading causes of maternal deaths the world over. With the advent of the 21st century, maternal deaths have declined. This has been attributed to education on family planning as well as the use of contraceptives. The Discussion Part of a Research Paper What to Cover? Induced abortion A third of pregnancies occurring in the world today are unintended. A fifth of these pregnancies ends up in induced abortion. Induced abortion is the forceful removal of the fetus from the womb of the mother. The gestation age of the fetus is the determining factor of what procedures could be used to conduct the abortion. The procedure is also limited by the legality of abortion in that country, doctor-patient preference and the regional availability of such services. Induced abortion is either therapeutic or elective. Therapeutic abortion is done by medical personnel in an effort to save the lives of patients. Patients suffering from such things as illnesses, multiple pregnancies and complications could have this procedure done on them to avoid having complications at childbirth that may lead to loss of life. Elective abortion is done at the request of the woman. This is usually done for non-medical reasons. Spontaneous Abortion It is commonly referred to as miscarriages. They are unintentional. They usually occur before the 20th and 24th week. Many pregnancies are usually lost before doctors are aware of the presence of an embryo in the uterus. Spontaneous abortion is caused by chromosomal abnormalities, vascular diseases, diabetes, infections, uterus abnormalities and trauma among others. The most frequent causes of spontaneous abortion are age and a history of spontaneous abortions. Accidents and trauma have also been linked with the high rates of miscarriages among women. 6 Causes of Abortion Abortion is caused by a myriad of factors among them social, religious and economic factors. The society’s desire for convenience has been a factor influencing the rates of abortion. Children and pregnancy are seen as a hindrance to a lot of fun and pleasure. One would easily remove the pregnancy in pursuit of this pleasure. The society accepts this circumstance and even encourages it by allowing governments to legalize abortion. The lack of respect for life is a religious factor toward promoting abortion. People no longer appreciate new life forms. One would not think twice before doing an abortion. Raging debates have come up suggesting that a foetus is not a life form until it is born. Such debates could easily change people’s mindsets to disregard life. Economic issues including poverty and insufficient funding have promoted abortion. Many young mothers have opted to do an abortion citing the inability to take care of the child once it is born. Usually, such young girls do not have an income to support themselves leave the unborn child. Stigma has contributed a lot in ensuring that abortion becomes a common thing. Girls who get pregnant while still very young get criticism, especially in developing countries. In most cultures, such a thing was unheard of. It was unheard of for one to get a child outside marriage. If one would have such a child, she would be excommunicated. Developing countries have not fully come out of this and girls who get pregnant whilst young are looked upon as ill-mannered individuals. Rape has been a big reason why people abort their children. When rape has occurred, and one does not intend to keep the pregnancy, she would choose not to keep the baby. The experience of being raped is too big a burden that the evidence of such an ordeal in the form of a child would not be acceptable. Many girls would quickly abort to rid themselves of this psychological trauma. Young girls have a better chance of furthering their education once they get rid of the child. In African countries, for instance, a young girl getting pregnant means that she has to be married off immediately. This would ruin her chances of ever getting formal education again. Getting rid of the baby provides an easier way out in the quest for education and a brighter future. 2 Methods Used to Carry Out Abortion There are two main methods used during abortions i.e. use of the abortion pill and surgical removal. The abortion pill is used for pregnancies up to nine weeks old. A combination of two drugs is taken. They are taken within 48 hours. The effect of the drugs is that the womb contracts and sheds its lining. The process is painful. This pain is experienced on the lower abdomen. It may cause diarrhea and vomiting. Surgical removal can be done when the foetus is at 13 to 14 weeks. A sterile tube is inserted through the cervix and into the uterus. Suction is done pulling out all the materials in the uterus. The woman may leave the hospital the same day after the procedure has been done. At 14 and 15 weeks, surgical dilation is done using forceps to remove the unwanted foetus. 3 Common Complications of Abortion The most common is bleeding. Bleeding occurs normally for a few weeks. It decreases as one nears weeks 5 and 6. In cases of excessive bleeding, there are chances that the uterus may not have been emptied completely. Pelvic inflammatory disease. This disease affects the vaginal area. The vagina produces an unpleasant vaginal discharge. The body temperature of the individual rises, and she experiences severe abdominal pains. Inflammation may happen in the womb due to emptying problems. It may be caused because the womb had not been completely emptied. This would require that a new evacuation be done for the woman. Pain is a normal problem for the abortion process. It is often relieved by using painkillers. In instances where there is excessive pain, one should consult the doctor to have her uterus rechecked. The uterus may be punctured especially during surgical termination of pregnancy. The tools used may create a hole in the uterus causing complications. Such a patient is kept in the hospital for observation and check up. 5 Advantages of Abortion Abortion gives a chance to young women especially those below the age of 21 years to pursue their education. A young girl caught in a situation where she has to carry the child to term will mean that she cannot do anything else. She would have to stop learning at some point to address the needs of the child. Most likely, she would have to stop schooling all together to take care of the child. By getting rid of the foetus, she is able to continue pursuing her educational needs. Abortion has been of help to women with health issues. Women with diseases such as heart disease, hypertension, and sickle cell anemia have been able to avoid serious medical complications that arise from childbirth through abortions. Such complications could easily lead to loss of life. Usually, a doctor may prescribe such a procedure when he realizes that the life of the mother is in danger. Abortion gives women an identity. In the chauvinistic societies, women have no power at all over their reproductive sense. The inculcation of abortion into laws and codes of ethics has helped the women by giving them power over their sexuality. Abortion has been used to control family size. Parents have used abortion as a way to reduce the number of children that they may get. They would discuss whether they wanted the baby or not and would remove it in case they do not want it. This helps regulate the number of children and aids in family planning. Abortion is done by rape victims who have found solace in the fact that they could easily remove such children that would arise from such action. Rape victims would not want to keep the baby because of psychological trauma that they would associate this child to. Removal of the child would remain the best option to end this. 6 Disadvantages of Abortion Abortion indicates brutality to the unborn child. This is because abortion is killing. It does not give the new foetus a chance to survive. It is hinged on religion, which condemns the act saying that all are equal before Almighty. The spiritual books go against the very idea of abortion. Abortion encourages infidelity by women. Women would engage in sexual acts outside the marriage context with the view that they would remove such fetuses if they happened to implant themselves in their uterus. Once a woman gets pregnant, she would easily remove the pregnancy and continue with her life. Abortion has the potential of lessens chances of a woman getting a child later in life. Abortion interferes with the uterine wall. At other instances, it may lead to total damage to the uterus. This would result in bareness hence a woman would not get a child when she needs it later in her life. Such actions may also cause hormonal imbalances that could be attributed to the barren nature of the women later in their lives. Abortion promotes irresponsible behavior. This is because it gives women and men alike the freedom to commit careless sexual activities. This is because they know that they could easily get rid of the pregnancy if they so wish to. This freedom makes them care less about their sexuality. Concurrent abortions may lead to medical complications. Some of these complications include uterine infections, recurrent miscarriages, and sepsis among others. Consistent use of such methods causes the hormones to change. This means that the hormones are tuned to a program where they cannot sustain a full pregnancy to term. The body gets used to rejecting any pregnancy hence the case of consistent miscarriages may pop up. Abortion may end up causing psychological impairments. Examples of this include depression and guilt. Some women may feel depressed after losing their baby. This could be the case especially if the child was their first and the abortion was done as a medical thing that they had no control over. Continuous miscarriages may cause such individuals to stress and eventual depression. This would ultimately affect the biology of the mother affecting the subsequent pregnancies. This is because the brain would have been tuned to reject any pregnancies due to such depression. Conclusion And So What in the Final Count? Abortion is a social, medical and a religious issue. It is entrenched into the legal laws of every country in the world in one way or another. It has a place in the lives of individuals directly or indirectly. Ethical values arise out of such deeds as abortion that determines the direction that one chooses. Other mechanisms that control abortion include the legal and religious aspects of society. Providing the necessary support in the form of financial aid and psychological support to mothers contemplating abortion could serve as the best way to curb such deaths resulting from abortion. There are advantages and disadvantages of abortion of almost equal measure. Abortion presents a double-edged sword in its advantages and disadvantages to individuals and society. It should be after careful consideration that abortion should be done.

Ethics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Ethics - Case Study Example The issues ethics for these accountants’ suits maintaining accurate details of company resources, liabilities and also profits without succumbing to the demands placed on them by managing department or officers in a corporate, disreputable accountant may possibly and easily alter a company’s’ financial report and change numbers to paint bogus picture of the company’s successes. This may result to short term prosperity, but altered reports ultimately bring the downfall of any companies whenever the Exchange Commission and Securities discovers the fraud. The effect of greed in the finance world and any business leads to shaving ethical limitations and stepping in safeguards in the name of generating money. An account might never permit the desire to make a better living and obtain more wealth get in the way by ensuring that he/she follows ethical procedures or guidelines for financial reporting (Moore 23). An executive or other corporate officer may request an accountant to skip or leave out certain monetary figures from a balance sheet so that they may paint the business in an awful light to despite the industry investors and public. Bill should report this to the client and instruct the client to refuse the presented work papers presented to him for they do not give a true and fair view of the discrepancy that bill had come across (Moore 33). In accordance with AICPA the performance of any expert service, a member shall uphold integrity and objectivity, shall always be liberated from conflict of interest, and shall not intentionally misrepresent information or share his or her judgment to anyone. Any member shall always be thought to have deliberately misrepresented particulars in infringement rule 102 of the code of conduct of AICPA, when he/she consciously permit, make or directs another member to make, substantially untrue and misleading

Natural gas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Natural gas - Essay Example In natural gas reservoirs beneath the surface of the earth even the heavier hydrocarbons occur for the most part in gaseous form because of the higher pressures. These heavier hydrocarbons usually liquefy at the surface at normal atmospheric conditions and are produced separately as natural gas liquids (NGLs), either in field separators or in gas processing plants (Speight, 3). How it was discovered and when did they discover it? The discovery of natural gas dates back from ancient times in the Middle East. During that times, there was not any clear understanding about the existence of natural gas and its presence was somewhat of a mystery to man. Such mysteries were attributed to occasional incidents of sudden lightning strikes that would ignite natural gas escaping from under the earth’s crust resulting fire coming from the earth. The value of natural gas as an energy was first recognized in China about 900 BC. In 211 BC, Chinese drilled the first known natural gas well. Fur ther a step ahead they transported the crude gas through bamboo shoots to near sea shore, where it was used to distilled sea water to make it suitable for drinking. In early 1626, a French explorer first times discovered and identified natives igniting gases in America that were seeping into and around Lake Erie. In 1821 in Fredonia, United States, a massive escape of gas was observed in form of bubbles rising to the surface from a creek and an American industrialist and financier William Hart, considered as America’s â€Å"father of natural gas,† dug there the first natural gas well in North America. In Europe, natural gas was first come to known around 1659 when it was discovered in Great Britain. The last century technological development probed that major natural gas reservoirs are laying often in conjunction with crude oil, hence in recent times, major natural gas reservoirs were discovered as a result of searching for crude oil (Speight, 9). The usage of natural gas Since the discovery of natural gas as a heat source by the Chinese about two thousand years ago, the use of natural gas as an energy source has increased tremendously and presently, natural gas is about one quarter of the energy resources of the world (Speight, 21) as shown in fig. 1. Fig. 1 The main use of natural gas is combustion. The heat generated due to burning of gas is either directly or indirectly used for various energy purposes. In direct heating, natural gas is utilized both in residential  and  commercial  heating and cooking purposes. Indirectly the heat generated due to natural gas combustion is used to generate electricity by using gas fired generators, steam turbines, gas turbines and combined cycle power generation units. Another important indirect use of heat generated due to combustion of natural gas is its use as transportation fuel by compressing  natural  gas  (CNG) to less than 1% of its volume at standard atmospheric  pressure (Natural gas report, 3). Except these natural gas is used in many industrial applications including ore smelting, minerals processing, drying  and  dehumidification, glass smelting, food processing, waste treatment and incineration, and fueling industrial boilers. Also natural gas is an essential feedstock for number of for industrial products such as methanol, fertilizers,

Combating Money Laundering Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Combating Money Laundering - Research Paper Example Technological advances are some of the avenues that have made money laundering easier as criminals exploit these technologies to conceal the illegal sources of their valuables such as money and jewels. Fortunately, governments have recognized the menace, which is money laundering and have designed, implemented, and evaluated the effectiveness of these interventions in curbing financial crimes such as money laundering. The United States, for example mandates the Department of Treasury and agencies such as the FinCEN to implement anti-money laundering policies. However, more needs to be done for money laundering to e effectively detected, prevented, and stopped all together. Introduction Recent times have recorded an increase in the rate and scope of international crimes, more so with respect to the financial aspects of crimes. This scenario has been prompted by the globalization and the rapidly advancing technologies. Money related crimes have since become major multifaceted problems for law enforcement and the public. Besides being local and national crime problem, money laundering has become an international problem, prompting major financial and political superpowers such as the United States of America and other Western states to design and implement various strategies and policies to curb the issue (Harvey, 2008). Consequent to this increasing threat of money laundering and other financial crimes, many a state has since embarked on concerted efforts to combat this kind of crime. Included in these strategies is the designing and the enactment of counter-money laundering laws, shared by many agencies, institutions, and countries. Second, some countries such as the United States of America have established stringent bilateral and multilateral agreements to strengthen their monitory policies and practices and to further collaboration among states of similar interests. These collaborative efforts specifically target the creation of awareness of the serious threa t that is money laundering among states. In addition, efforts have not been spared in spreading the message on the importance of acknowledging that money laundering is in deed a problem that affects society directly (Levi & Gilmore, 2002). Furthermore, countries such as the United States of America prevent organizations considered criminals from accessing its financial systems. This paper explains what money laundering is, how it is used, and the steps the United States has taken to curb the crime. Money Laundering Illegal money is often the outcome of most criminal acts, which are mostly driven by greed for profit. Consequent to profits of criminal acts and omissions, illicit money often find their way into the legal financial systems of a country. Generally, money laundering entails concealing given financial assets so that their illegal activities are not detected. In fact, money laundering is one of the factors supporting organized crimes as criminals mix the monetary proceeds f rom their criminal acts with other seemingly legal sources (Kochan, 2005). There are several negative effects of money laundering. These include its effects on fueling terrorists, arms dealers, drug dealers, and other criminals, thus expanding their operations. Additionally, money laundering criminals have managed to manipulate financial systems in the United States and other countries, further

Marketing communication mix

Marketing communication mix ABSTRACT: The whole work revolves around the subject of marketing communication mix. Considered to be derived from marketing mix. Communication mix consists of advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, direct marketing and PR. For I-phones they use caples principle of advertisement. Advertising is effective but expensive Personal selling is expensive but is considered as cost-effective Sales promotion uses pull or push strategy. Direct marketing is common way used now days. To select right communication mix we should always use products life cycle to determine. Should keep a good eye on products sale to find the most effective way for advertisement Characteristic and role of each and every communication mix differ. LITERATURE REVIEW: I followed three different books and used AIDA, john caples principle and example of i-phone in my assignment. Most of the items I used were written by Philip kotler. I tried to use some facts and figures to prove my findings and as books being credible source I tried to use them rather than using internet sources. Mostly pictures are copied from internet only and all the items are referenced accordingly. Dr. kotler is considered one of the worlds leading authority on management and is considered pioneer writer in the field of international marketing and branding. MARKETING COMMUNICATION MIX: In this era of digital technology and competition, no one can survive without marketing; either its the product, brand or a service. The best definition of marketing was given by Al Ries and Trout â€Å"marketing is the performance of those activities which seek to accomplish organizations objective by anticipating customer or client needs and directing flow of need-satisfying goods and services from producer to customer or client.†(Source: Al Ries, Trout jack, 2006, marketing warfare, McGraw hill companies. Inc.) MARKETING MIX: Marketing alone couldnt be taken on account to anticipate and fulfill the customer needs. To just check the existence and evidence of presence of marketing communication mix we will look at 7 Ps of marketing. In 1960 Mccarthy came up with 4 Ps of marketing. The marketing mix according to some authors was already used as term before her in 1940s while later in 1980 booms and Bernard came up with 3 more Ps. The use of these 3 Ps is still debatable and is criticized by many people. (Sources: http://www.continuumlearning.com/Customer%20Services_7Ps%20of%20Services.pdf, http://www.netmba.com/marketing/mix/) MARKETING COMMUNICATION MIX AND IMPORTANCE: As from above we have seen that the marketing is not only about promoting your product but also depends other 6 factors but as we are talking about communication mix, it mostly relates to promotion. The communication is required between the customer and the business in order to increase the transactions or to maximize the daily sales of the business. It is important to mention here that the right communication mix is important to be chosen which suites the business needs and is the clearest way for the business to convey the message. Belch, E. and Belch A. describe Integrated Marketing Communications as â€Å"a concept of marketing communications planning that recognizes the added value of a comprehensive plan that evaluates the strategic roles of a variety of communication disciplines and combines these disciplines to provide clarity, consistency and maximum communications impact†.(source: http://www.oppapers.com/essays/MarketingCommunicationsMix/13818.). In 1961 according to the same author Albert Frey was the first one to distinguish between communication tools and offering. Simply saying offerings are the service u offer used e.g. product, price and brand etc while tools you use such as place; promotion etc. so according to him which ever way you take you will use all your approaches for people. (Smith p r, Taylor Jonathan, 2004, 4th edition, marketing communications, Gutenberg press ltd, Malta) From all the discussion above we can conclude that the communication mix tools are as follows: The most common used promoting media used are:Internet, telesales, banners, broachers, radio, TV, telephone, newspaper etc. According to caple principle of promoting or advertising: Get attention Hold attention Create desire Make it believable Prove its a bargain Make it easy to buy Give reason to buy CASE STUDY: From my point of view, I-phone uses this kind of strategy for their sales. Most of the times we see the I-phone holding the whole last page of newspaper and showing what this product can do and the other ordinary phone might not be able to. The product before and after launch is advertised so many times to remind the customer of the phone that a lot of customers are attracted. As result many customers buy the product and we normally see the line in front of apple shops when the product is launched. They use sale promotion strategy for ending line of product. I.e. they used the sales promotion where they were finishing line of 2.5g (1st generation I-phone) where they reduced the price of phone, in order to boost the sale and finish the line of product when it was on declining stage. This helped company to get some potential customers. ADVERTISING: Advertising is said as very simple but expensive form of promotion. Advertising can be different depending on product or media used. For example on TV or it can also be in the form of internet advertisement. But this is considered most expensive because anyone who uses this have to either use large campaigns or use their lots of time in this kind of promotion. Advertising is the form of promotion is considered as non-personal promotional mix because the business doesnt know if their message is received by its customer or not, do people understand the product etc. CHARACTERESTIC OF ADVERTISMENT: According to Kotler characteristic of advertising are Public presentation: advertising is considered as highly public mode of communication and people consider this kind of promotion more because they consider that the offer they have been made through the media is standard. Pervasiveness: it is the medium of communication where a seller can repeat its message many times and this as a result help buyer to compare the sellers product with other competitors or substitute available. Amplified expensiveness: means that if company use little bit of different way or expensive way from its competitor, it might result in getting buyers attention. Impersonality: means that the customer or buyer is not as much motivated to buy the product or service as much as he is through a sales agent. As it is one way communication so the customer might wants to know about the product but cant because he cant speak to advertisement. The most common way of advertisement is TV, radio, newspaper, broachers and magazines etc.The advertisement is really beneficial in creating long term relationship between consumer, product and business. E.g. coca-cola uses all time red color for advertisement of their product and uses same advertisement many times a day to attract customer. PURPOSE OF ADVERTISMENT: The main purpose of advertisement is to get buyers attention, which creates interest and a desire rises in customer following the action (buying). According to the same website UK advertising expenditure in 2008 was  £18.6 billion. Not only that but also if we notice in our daily life routine we might go to some place and pay attention to the product for which we have seen advertisement recently. Sometime on local buses we see some poster and think that do we need the product or not and sometime even though we dont need it we might end up buying it. PERSONAL SELLING: It is considered to be one of most cost-effective kind of promotion. Some books also consider this as the most expensive one as well because of wage cost to the company, travelling cost and the company always have to offer the people with some kind of incentives to boost sales. Personal selling is considered effective because the business can feel the consumers requirement and can make up a package for consumer in order to fulfill their needs. The consumer can also look at the packages that suits best to their needs and can also tell the sales representative about their needs .e.g. British gas etc. Normally we see people from gas and electricity companies doing this kind of promotion. CHARACTERESTIC OF PERSONAL SELLING: According to Kotler(1997) the main characteristics are Personal confrontation: involves consumer and business representative where the need of consumer can be felt by the supplier. They can either come to some point of agreement or the business can offer some flexibility to consumer in order to gain or retrieve a customer. Cultivation: means that the business can adjust their offers according to customers need in order to maintain good relationship between business and customer. Sales representatives mostly use affectionate and friendly kind of approach towards their customers. Response: means that the buyers mostly respond to their seller and their response can be taken in account to increase sale. The response can be either good or bad depending on what customer feels about the product. ROLE: The main role of personal selling is mostly Acquire new potential customers and provide old customers the best service. Try to sale the product efficiently After sale provide them with best services Close the sale If resources or stock become less try to allocate other resources to make sure that customer remain in business with us. Though this kind of selling is decreasing due to presence of media like internet, TV and telephones. The costly method still used but only by some companies. Most of the companies have changed with changing world. SALES PROMOTION: It is normally used to boost the sale mostly at declining stage of the product. It offers the customer with either discounts or some kind of other special offers which results in customer attraction and as a result customer buys the product. Normally business uses coupon, special offers ands discounts etc. This kind of promotion is only good for short term and doesnt lead to long term relationship between business and customer. For example some companies use even ebay to do their promotions by using bid auctions like a company called EOL (end-o-line). Another is example is to supply customer with offers like by 1 and get 1 free etc. CHARACTERESTIC: According to Kotler three distinctive benefits and characteristics are Communication: mostly this kind of promotion gets the customers attention and provides customer with the information which may lead to transaction. Incentives: the business introduces some kind of concession, offers or vouchers to increase the sale temporarily. Invitation: the customers are usually forced to do the transaction soon by saying either till stocks last or till the date. This helps business to get more transactions in the limited time. ROLE: Sales promotion normally uses push, pull. These play an important role in any sales promotion. According to davedolak.com business uses push strategy to get the traders to stock their items and also give good offers, as a result, the trade people put more sales effort in order to maximize their profit. The product might be sold again to one of the wholesalers or end consumers. This is normally used in B2B relationship. The pull strategy is that the consumer is offered a good discount on buying product from the business. Sometime it is also used as a term that the business waits for the consumer to turn up and order the product and is produced, as they cant stock of the products life cycle. This is used for B2C relationship. Normally car suppliers and showrooms use this kind of strategy to promote sale to consumer and finish the old stock. PUBLIC RELATIONS: This kind of promotion is used by company to make their image better in public eyes. There is a different department for this kind of promotion. These departments mostly try to improve their companys goodwill in consumers eye. For example Durex the condom makers donated 50,000 condoms to NGOs in December on world aids day. The other thing they started was that they went to the social networking website â€Å"Facebook† and launched some games in order to increase awareness and sales. The company or business might do some charities or sponsor some kind of good cause. The companies might also use newsletter or news releases to improve PR. CHARACTERESTICS: According to Kortley(1997) role of PR is High credibility: most of the time people trust news or articles more than other like advertisement, personal selling or sales promotion. ABILITY: it is much easier to catch people who avoid personal selling. So the message is read by more people and this might result in more sales. DRAMATIZATION: it also has potential of setting company or product reputation at the level which company is not in real life. This can be the result of advertising as well. ROLES: In normal routine of life these people play an important role in image of a company as they are the one responsible for news releases and the charitable functions. The PR has to make sure that they do their work through the right channel so that it can be recognized by the people. E.g. they shouldnt help the cause of cutting trees as it might hurt many peoples feelings. They should try to reach those people who cannot be reached because they avoid personal selling etc. another thing that they should try to help campaigns with their product rather than money as it will improve the products sale and image. For example IBM provides non-profit companies with discounted price on purchase of their items. DIRECT MARKETING: This type of promotion is used by mails, telemarketing and catalog marketing. This is quite effective way of promotion because the response can be taken on account to increase sale or acquire new customers from other competitors. E.g. sometime we receive a call on our numbers offering different services or products (especially on landlines). Some other schools of thoughts also consider e-marketing as a part of this promotion type like e-mails for promotions or sales. (Kutler, 1997). CHARACTERESTICS: According to Kutler(1997), there are four types of direct marketing. Nonpublic: the letter or e-mail or telephone is for specific person who have subscribed to some offers. Customized: normally can be different for two different customers depending on their buying history. Up-to-date: offer can be prepared delivered quickly using e-marketing or telesales. Interactive: customer can be offered with much more different choices in this kind of promotion. ROLE: Normally companies use bombardment of e-mail to many customers and wait for their response. This way have been used a lot now days and is becoming less effective as people always consider them as junk e-mail. Another way of e-marketing is using social websites like facebook to introduce or advertise the product. E.g. durex used this kind of strategy and introduced some games on social networking website to increase the sale. Another way is cataloging, where the businesses send the people to drop the catalogue and the consumer can call and order the product. Last but not least now they use special television channels and phone calls to inspire and get some business from the potential customers. CRITICAL ANLYSIS: As from all the information we have seen the characteristic which are most probably advantages while in introduction of ever kind of promotion I have discussed some disadvantages as well to make sure that the business using any kind of this can know the harmful and useful points of their promotion and the role tells us the importance of the particular communication mix. IMPORTANCE: The importance of marketing communication mix can also be felt when we see that it is connected with the marketing mix. The research on this started from 1940. It flourished with the entrance of new media. Businesses always try to use communication mix to get the share and attention of market. Due to increased competition level we can use one of the tools to acquire new customers in the market. Right communication mix can be used by realizing right target customers. SELECTION OF RIGHT COMMUNICATON MIXES: As we discussed earlier about the I-phone, we will now see how the product should be advertised through out its life cycle to make it a success. PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE: First stage is pre introduction stage where we use very small amount on advertising and just to let people know that we are launching some new product. On 2nd stage i.e. introduction we use PR and advertisement. On3rd stage of growth we need heavy amount of money to be spent in order to make product successful in the market. At maturity level we use less advertising as a tool but now we use more and more sales promotion and PR. At the decline we use sales promotion but some company might use direct marketing as a tool as well to provide customers with good offers. The first and foremost thing for any campaign is that it should know who their target market is and what age group they are looking for. Then depending on their objective they can use one of the models to solve their problem. COMMUNICATION OBJECTIVE: Depending on market type the company or business should enter in, the business should decide their communication objective depending on their product and policies. Depending on your product, target market and business you can select the model and decide what should be the strategy from pre introduction stage till the decline stage. For example in case of an innovation free trial is important. Apple used this kind of strategy when they allowed people to take computers, pc or laptops to home and could use it over the weekend as trial and can buy it after they think the product is efficient enough for use. COMMUNICATION LANDSCAPE: According to Kotler (2008) businesses are moving towards the focused marketing rather than mass marketing. The businesses use the tool of advertisement and promotion in the places where they should and only focus on their target market and people rather than the old technique of sending their message to many people which may result as one of the do the transaction. People do not pay attention to ads and promotion of the product they might not be interested in, most of the time they try to skip the section of advertisements and breaks while watching TV. So it is important to have the right focus group now days to increase sale and transactions. Kotler and his fellow writers used word of broadcasting which is to play the advertisement for mass media thinking that it might result in transaction. The other word he used was narrowcast where only interested and potential customers are target. He used these terms in his â€Å"shifting marketing communication model†. According to them due to change in ICT and presence of internet people are motivated to use online sources to watch their favorite programs and skip the ads in between the breaks. Only few people might watch those. Although mass media like TV and radio is evergreen but is decreased because of presence of internet. An average person spends 5 times more time on internet than TV. Thats why companies now use their ads on internet and use social networking websites for publicity etc. e.g. companies like Cadbury uses the statement on their website â€Å"find us on facebook†.(source: kotley Philip, armstrong garry, wong veronica, saunders john, 2008, principles of marketing, fifth edition,pearson education ltd. ) CONCLUSION: All the companies or businesses have to spend in this field to make sure that they get the expected results from the product and the business. If the company fails to use right communication mix at the right time, their product will be a waste for them and might result in little sale. All 5 communication mix together can lead to a good business, as they all can be used depending on life cycle of the product. The communication objectives should be kept in mind for a successful business. Depending on the product the message should be designed appropriately to reach to the audience. RECOMMENDATIONS: Businesses should identify their needs first. Businesses should try to fix the budget for promotional and advertising purpose. Businesses should allocate resources in case of no resource available to keep the campaigns going. Business should also allocate fixed amount of money or products to PR as well. Sales promotion times should not be fixed on introduction time. The message should be designed professionally and to the perfection. For the products affordable method should be chosen. The business should try to use same logo or slogan for their products. PR should try to use news release and other form of media to improve reputation of the company. Checks on sale should be carried out by the business in order to find most effective communication mix for their company. REFRENCES: BOOKS: Al Ries, Trout jack, 2006, marketing warfare, McGraw hill companies. Inc. Smith p r, Taylor Jonathan, 2004, 4th edition, marketing communications, Gutenberg press ltd, Malta Kotler Philip, 1997, 9th edition, marketing management, prentice hall international inc. kotley Philip, armstrong garry, wong veronica, saunders john, 2008, principles of marketing, fifth edition,pearson education ltd. WEBSITES: http://www.provenmodels.com/files/123ef9407d8e6d92371d23abbff78ac3/aida-sales-funnel.gif http://www.adassoc.org.uk/aa/index.cfm/adstats/ http://www.davedolak.com/promo.htm http://www.emeraldinsight.com/fig/0350470802001.png http://www.davedolak.com/promix.htm https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_8J7MNBgUSA23Zgadhm12CfoydQXt0sQ4HW5a90qmI9pPwGog2LDB_KPPcw9af4MjFzpPjVB4yCcCcOciOl_IWkClLYSActl3jfye0l_AzJA5-pfPE6BcTZnHBU7i_Q5bJ4FeHaLNtddv/s400/promix.gif http://www.davedolak.com/advtg.htm http://www.sales-and-marketing-for-you.com/images/marketing-mix-structure.jpg http://www.continuumlearning.com/Customer%20Services_7Ps%20of%20Services.pdf http://www.netmba.com/marketing/mix/ http://www.oppapers.com/essays/MarketingCommunicationsMix/13818 http://tutor2u.net/business/marketing/promotion_personalselling.asp http://www.techsoup.org/learningcenter/hardware/archives/page9665.cfm http://www.jobbankusa.com/career_employment/public_relations_specialists/job_descriptions_definitions_roles_responsibility.html http://www.erdm.com/USPS_White_Paper.pdf

Personal Narrative Essay - Crickets :: Personal Narrative Writing

Personal Narrative- Crickets I’ve never liked bugs. Grasshoppers are gruesome, and wasps are menacing. Even butterflies seem to flaunt their grace by fluttering in your face. Recently, however, I’ve realized that one insect cowers below the others as the most scheming of the six-legged world. I’ve discovered that I hate crickets. These bugs are way too happy for their own good. Not only black, smaller versions of the grasshopper, crickets are masters of hide and seek. The inky bodies blend flawlessly into the shadows beneath a bush or inside the garage. Each crunchy creature also must have a shrinking ability. Squeezing into cracks and crannies in walls, even the cockroach is shamed by the cricket. Once hiding within thirty feet of my presence, the despicable beast begins to sing its wretched, repetitive tune. Echoing in my ears, magnified by the silence between chirps, the song rattles in my head. Forget studying, forget writing and solving problems, forget sleeping, because I am irritated. Each shrill note pierces my skull, drumming inside my head as though pressuring my brain. "Find me," it taunts, "if you can." Concentrating becomes isolated, like a special filter is funneling only the vibrato-filled song into my mind. Eyes wide and furious, I hunt, following the gnawing chirp. Listening with ears attuned only to the shriek, I creep so slowly, so focused my muscles ache with the strain. Zoning in on a tiny area, suddenly repulsed by the thought of cricket skin brushing my delicate fingertips, I seize a sandal from the step. I can hear it. I know it’s only a few inches away.

Nicolò Paganini

When Paganini walked along the street, people eyed him closely, wondering whether they might detect his cloven foot-a mark of the devil. Once, shortly before he was to go onstage, he felt a nail in his shoe, which caused him to limp slightly as he arrived on the podium. Some members of the audience looked at each other knowingly, for it was widely believed that there was something mysterious, supernatural about his playing. Even people who did not believe in the devil were convinced of it. Ever since they have tried to discover his secret. For almost a year, an Englishman followed him on his tours, taking an adjoining hotel room and listening constantly. While on the road, however, Paganini hardly ever practiced, and when he briefly warmed up before concerts, he used such a heavy mute that no one could hear him (Prod'Homme 13). Countless books and pamphlets have been written about the secret of his practicing and about other, hitherto unknown, explanations of his virtuosity. Much has been brought to light that is interesting and informative, but no secrets have been revealed. Paganini's accomplishments must be attributed to a handful of quite understandable factors, as is true of above-average achievement in any field. In his case we are aware of great musicality; a distinct talent for the violin that included certain physiological characteristics; a strict practicing regime supervised by his father, who soon noted the unusual gift; and a highly developed desire to excel as an artist. All produced astonishing results (Anders 39). Paganini was born in Genoa in 1782, the son of a dockworker whose hobbies included fortunetelling and playing the violin and mandolin. He taught Nicolà ² both instruments. â€Å"It would be hard to imagine a stricter father,† the boy recalled. Further instruction by two orchestra violinists led to lessons by Giacomo Costa, music director at the cathedral, whose pupil soon performed solos there. This was a customary eighteenth-century venue, as it had been for Tartini, and such appearances in church were occasionally reviewed in the press. On 31 May 1794 a notice was printed in Avvisi, a Genoa newspaper: â€Å"[During high mass] Nicolà ² Paganini, a highly gifted eleven-year-old boy, performed a concerto, for which he was greatly admired.† (Prod'Homme 7-8) Encouraged by such successes, the father entrusted the thirteen-yearold Nicolà ² to Alessandro Rolla, then teaching in Parma. Though Rolla declared that there was nothing he could teach him, he gave his young student a solid foundation in music theory, and probably good advice as well. While in Parma, Nicolà ² also studied counterpoint with Ghiretti and Paà «r, for whom he wrote, among other exercises, twenty-four fugues in parts. Years of intensive practice under the father's strict supervision followed his return home. During this period he acquired the phenomenal command of the violin that amazed musicians and music lovers everywhere (Anders 40-41). Paganini stands at the threshold of a new era in violin playing, if later in life he referred to himself as self-taught, this does not imply a lack of gratitude to his teachers. He developed his very individual style of playing on his own, during his up to twelve hours of daily practice, as he recalled. In 1801 he freed himself of his father's relentless supervision by joining the orchestra in Lucca as a first violinist. Five years later he moved on to the court of Napoleon's sister Elisa Bacciocchi, then princess of Lucca. He remained there until 1809, active as a soloist, music director, orchestra member, and chamber music player. His career as a touring virtuoso did not begin until 1813 when, thirty-one years old, he reaped such spectacular successes in Milan that the world took notice (Anders 42). Paganini was a compulsive gambler who at times came close to being sent to debtor's prison, and who once had to use his violin to pay his debts. In this dilemma, someone presented him with a Guarneri violin so that he could play a concert that had already been scheduled (McGinnis 117). The sensational aspects of Paganini's public appearances were heightened by a wealth of freely invented stories, such as the one about his prison sentence, for which there is absolutely no foundation. While he played the violin in prison, it is related, three strings broke, one after another, until only the G string remained, so that he was forced to develop his uncanny ability to play on one string alone (Athanassoglou-Kallmyer 1). The later â€Å"Moses† Fantasy is one of his compositions demonstrating this skill.) According to another wild story he strangled his wife (in fact, Paganini never married) and used her intestines as raw material for strings. Such stories may have been inspired by the virtuoso's fondness, reminiscent of Don Giovanni's, for the fair sex, which indeed accounted for many romantic adventures in his youth. Stories persisted, even late in his life, about wealthy countesses and others who offered him their money and their everything-stories that of course were good publicity. It is a fact that his profoundly melancholic appearance and his haggard, mephistophelian figure held a strong fascination for women, which he did not mind at all (Prod'Homme 24). Behind the virtuoso facade he cultivated, there was another Paganini-the one who in private gatherings played Beethoven quartets well and with great enthusiasm, including the late quartets. When on tour, he missed no opportunity to hear Fidelio or Don Giovanni. He also was quite fond of older vocal music, especially Palestrina's (Prod'Homme 24). Paganini's fame was restricted to Italy until 1828, when, at the age of forty-six, he traveled to Vienna for his first engagement abroad. The impression he made there defies imagination. The first recital took place on 29 March in the Redoutensaal, filled to capacity (Athanassoglou-Kallmyer 2). All local violinists were there, along with Schubert, the poet Grillparzer, the Esterhà ¡zy family, and everyone who was anyone in the arts and in society. Thirteen more concerts followed, all equally crowded. A veritable Paganini mania broke out (Prod'Homme 35). Strauss wrote a â€Å"Paganini Waltz,† merchants offered Paganini schnitzel, cravats, and haircuts. When Paganini's good business sense led him to raise the price of admission to one gold florin, that coin became known as a â€Å"Paganinerl.† There were poems of fulsome admiration, and the critics outdid each other writing hymns of praise. Until 1831, Paganini chiefly concertized in Germany, residing in Frankfurt on the Main. Some during this period refused to be caught up in the delirious adulation and were all the more critical of the violinist and his mesmerized public. Others were more insightful and understanding of the changing times (Athanassoglou-Kallmyer 1). Serious scholars, eccentrics, journalists, and charlatans ever since have tried to discover the miracle of his playing and its effect on audiences. Some significant details were established, but anyone who tried to build an entire system on such discoveries, even a philosophy of violin playing, lost their credibility. As Flesch (The Art of Violin Playing, vol. 2) said, â€Å"A publication whose title uses the name Paganini as a sales placard impresses one at once as a mere advertising puff† (Flesch 85). Paganini must be credited with inaugurating a new era, not only for violin playing but for instrumental accomplishment in general. The standards he set are still valid in our time. Liszt, a genius, was able by virtue of great effort and superhuman concentration, to adapt Paganini's technique to his own piano playing. It took violinists almost a century to accomplish this for their instrument and to develop pedagogical methods based on Paganini's achievements. Works Cited Anders, G. E. Nicolo Paganini: His life, personality, and secrets. Dover Publications, 1991. Athanassoglou-Kallmyer, Nina. â€Å"Blemished Physiologies: Delacroix, Paganini, and the    Cholera Epidemic of 1832†. The Art Bulletin, Vol. 83, 2001. Flesch, Carl. Art of Violin Playing: Book Two. Carl Fischer Music Dist, 2000. McGinnis Ferguson, Hugh. No Gambling at the casino Paganini. The Phi Beta Kappa Society   Ã‚   in The American Scholar, 1994. Prod'Homme, Jacques Gabriel. Nicolo Paganini. Ams Pr Inc, 1975.